|
In projects of Type II, III, IV or V construction, architects are often forced to balance the allowable area limits of lesser construction types and the added cost of higher construction types. A fire wall is an ideal solution, as it allows for the cost savings of a lower construction type while allowing the structure on either side of the fire wall to be considered independently from an allowable area standpoint. On several recent projects, I have seen plan reviewers treat any door opening in the fire wall as a horizontal exit, even if that was not the design team’s intention. The reviewers then issued review comments regarding compliance with the horizontal exit code requirements. This has led me to the question: is an opening in a fire wall automatically a horizontal exit?  A pair of opposing doors in a fire wall. Before I get to my answer, you might be asking: why does this matter? Horizontal exits come with several code requirements, but in the recent projects I mentioned, the plan reviewers were citing the following: Exit CapacityPer IBC 1026.1, a horizontal exit can provide up to one half of the total number of exits, total exit width and total egress capacity. So if the door in the fire wall is a horizontal exit, then it can not be providing more than half of the required number of exits or required exit width.If you have a single door in the fire wall and then an exit stair on either side, this is no problem. But once you have multiple doors in the fire wall, the horizontal exit can easily exceed one half of the total required exits/width. Refuge AreasPer IBC 1026.4, when a horizontal exit approach is used, a refuge area is required in the space on the other side of the horizontal exit. This refuge area must be large enough to accommodate the original occupant load of the space plus 3 square feet for each occupant entering into the refuge area from the horizontal exit. Depending on the building arrangement and capacity, providing this refuge area may be a design challenge. Standpipe Hose ConnectionsPer IBC 905.4.2, a standpipe hose connection is required on each side of a horizontal exit. An exception does exist if the floor areas adjacent to the horizontal exit are within 130’ of standpipe hose connection with an exit stair. So if any door in a fire wall is a horizontal exit, each of these code requirements must be met, adding additional cost and design coordination. Coming back to the original question: Is an opening in a fire wall automatically a horizontal exit?I believe the answer is no. A door opening in a fire wall can be a horizontal exit, but it is not required to be a horizonal exit. My opinion is based on a few factors. First, let’s look at the definition of fire wall (IBC Chapter 2): A fire-resistance-rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.” This definition does not mention or describe a horizontal exit at all. Similarly, we can go to IBC Chapter 5, where the general requirements for building height and area are given. Per IBC 503.1: For the purposes of determining area limitations, height limitations and type of construction, each portion of a building separated by one or more fire walls complying with Section 706 shall be considered to be a separate building.” This statement indicates that a fire wall creates separate buildings for the purposes of allowable height/area and construction type, but again, it does not mention or describe a horizontal exit. Finally, if we return to the horizontal exit section of IBC Chapter 10, we see in Section 1026.2 that a horizontal exit is permitted to be provided as either a fire wall or a fire barrier. No where in this section is a fire wall required; it is just given as one of two options. I have never heard of any AHJ requiring all fire barriers to be a horizontal exit, so why would we apply that logic to fire walls? Icing on the Cake: An ICC Committee Interpretation I am not the first person to ask this question, and fortunately, the ICC released a committee interpretation on this same issue a few years ago. To summarize the committee’s interpretation, fire door openings in a fire wall are not required to be considered as a horizontal exit unless the design of the egress system intends to utilize the provisions of a horizontal exit. ConclusionWhile you would think that the code support described above, plus an ICC committee interpretation would be sufficient to persuade any AHJ, I have still experience pushback on this issue from plan reviewers.
Despite this, I believe the intent of the code is to allow a door in a fire wall to be used as a horizontal exit, but not require it. And if the design intention is not to utilize the horizontal exit provisions, then you do not need to be concerned about the exit capacity restrictions, refuge area requirements and additional standpipe hose connections that I described previously. Have you encountered a similar issue before? If so, please comment below and let me know.
0 Comments
I work on a variety of multi-family housing projects, including residential apartment buildings and senior living facilities, where each dwelling unit has its own washer and dryer. In the past, I have always seen the dryer exhaust duct routed through a wall and then into the cavity of a floor-ceiling assembly, but on a recent project, the local AHJ questioned the validity of this approach. Code Requirements for Dryer Vent InstallationThis post is a summary of the code requirements and my suggestions for the most straight-forward way to handle the situation. All code references are the 2021 ICC Codes. Challenge 1: No Dampers PermittedThe first challenge when approaching dryer exhaust ducts is that the International Mechanical Code (IMC) Section 504.2 specifically prohibits the installation of fire dampers or combination fire/smoke dampers. If your dryer exhaust duct does not penetrate a rated wall or floor assembly, then you likely have no issue. However, since no one wants to look at a dryer exhaust duct running through their apartment, most designers choose to route the duct into the ceiling and then out of the building. This leads us to challenge 2. Challenge 2: Dampers Required at Floor/Ceiling Penetrations A duct that penetrates the ceiling of a floor/ceiling assembly and then runs horizontally through the floor cavity and out of the building would be considered a membrane penetration. IMC Section 607.6.2 requires that duct membrane penetrations of a rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly be protected with either a listed ceiling radiation damper or a shaft enclosure (there is a similar requirement in IBC Section 717.6.2). We already know from our first challenge that a damper is not permitted, so that seemingly leaves a shaft enclosure as the only option. Again, it’s undesirable to building residents or designers to have a shaft enclosure simply to protect a dryer exhaust duct. Solution: Dryer Vent InstallationFortunately, a straight-forward solution is found in IBC 717.6.2.2, Exception 2. The exception here allows for the omission of a damper at the ceiling membrane penetration when the duct is protected in accordance with IBC Section 714.5.2, is located within the cavity of a wall and does not pass through another dwelling unit or tenant space. Our situation meets the last two requirements, as the duct is first routed into a wall prior to running through the ceiling cavity, where it then is routed horizontally to the exterior, without passing through another dwelling unit. For the first requirement, IBC Section 714.5.2 states that membrane penetrations of horizontal assemblies must comply with 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2, which give requirements for through-penetration firestop systems. This section also offers 8 different exceptions.  Detail showing the membrane penetration permitted by IBC 717.6.2.2, Exception 2. Before we get into those exceptions, though, it’s important to point out that running the dryer exhaust duct through a wall and into the ceiling cavity presents us with another code question: how do we address the intersection of the wall and rated floor/ceiling assembly? If the top of the wall is located completely below the ceiling membrane of the rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly, there is no issue. However, this arrangement is difficult to construct, particularly in wood construction, as it would require a continuous ceiling running past the top of the wall. Most of the time, the top of the wall interrupts the ceiling membrane, meaning the ceiling stops on one side of the wall and continues on the other side. This arrangement would itself be considered a membrane penetration of the floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assembly, even without a dryer duct present. IBC Section 714.5.2 Exception 7 addresses this exact situation: The ceiling membrane of a maximum 2-hour fire-resistance-rated horizontal assembly is permitted to be interrupted with the double wood top plate of a wall assembly that is sheathed with Type X gypsum wallboard, provided that all penetrating items through the double top plates are protected in accordance with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2 and the ceiling membrane is tight to the top plates.” This exception allows for the wall to interrupt the ceiling membrane as long as it is provided with a double wood top-plate that is tight to the ceiling and sheathed with Type X gypsum board. Note that this section does not require the wall to be rated. Additionally, the exception requires that the duct be protected in accordance with Section 714.5.1.1 or 714.5.1.2 (the same through penetration firestop sections referenced earlier). For my specific project, the building is a wood-framed structure, so there was no issue in providing a double top plate for each wall. In buildings of Type I or II construction, this would still be a valid approach as long as the wall itself is not a bearing wall and fire-retardant treated wood is used for the double top plate (IBC Section 603.1, Item 1.1). The final code section here, IBC Section 714.5.1.2, requires an approved through penetration firestop system with F and T ratings of at least 1 hour but not less than the rating of the floor itself. Exception 1 of this section eliminates the requirement for the T rating when the penetration is located within the cavity of a wall. This requirement forces us to find a listed fire-stop assembly that matches out proposed conditions. There are numerous assemblies available, particularly through companies such as Hilti or 3M. If you are tracking the code path through the mechanical code, the path is shorter, but the end result is the same. IMC Section 607.6.2, Exception 2 allows for the omission of a damper at the ceiling membrane penetration when the duct is protected in accordance with IBC Section 714.5.1.2, is located within the cavity of a wall and does not pass through another dwelling unit or tenant space. Note the subtle difference in section here compared to IBC Section 717.6.2.2 Exception 2 – the IMC takes you directly to the through penetration firestop requirement. See the flow chart below comparing the code path through both the IBC and IMC.  Comparison of the IBC and IMC code paths. Potential Challenge with Firestop System On the recent project where this issue came up, every firestop assembly for this configuration that I found stated that the dryer duct could be located within a wall, but when the wall was used, it had to be a minimum 1-hour rated wall. This was a challenge because the proposed configuration for my project involved the dryer exhaust duct running through an interior dwelling unit wall which was not rated. After a few hours of digging through the UL firestop database, I could not find a single listed firestop system that described a duct running through a non-rated wall and then into a 1-hour floor/ceiling assembly. This was a surprising result, as the IBC clearly does not require the wall to be rated when using Section 714.5.2 Exception 7. I ended up pursuing an Engineering Judgment to address the situation. ConclusionBoth the IBC and IMC provide code paths to route a dryer exhaust duct through wall, into a rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly, and then out of the building. A listed firestop assembly is required to address the penetration of the duct through the ceiling membrane. If you happen to be running your duct through a rated wall, there are numerous firestop assemblies readily available for this configuration. If you are running the duct through a non-rated wall, you will likely need an engineering judgement. If you have found a listed firestop assembly that allows for a non-rated wall in this scenario, please let me know!
|
Categories
All
Archives
March 2023
|
RSS Feed