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The Building Code Blog

Stairway Code Requirements - An Overview

1/25/2023

86 Comments

 
​Key Takeaway: The IRC and IBC both provide a variety of requirements for stairways and staircases, including minimum width, minimum and maximum riser/tread dimensions, minimum headroom height and maximum total rise.

​A stairway is a key part of the means of egress for any multi-story building or structure. Also known as a stair or staircase, stairways provide a path for occupants to traverse from one level to another within a building or space. In this post, we’ll review some of the key requirements for stairways from both the
 
International Residential Code (IRC) and the The International Building Code (IBC). All references are to the 2021 editions of these codes.
An interior open stairway.
An interior open stairway.

What is a Stairway?

There are two key definitions here that are important to understand: Stair and Stairway. Both the IRC and IBC defines these terms as follows:
​

Stair: “A change in elevation, consisting of one or more risers.”

Stairway: “One or more flights of stairs, either exterior or interior, with the necessary landings and platforms connecting them, to form a continuous and uninterrupted passage from one level to another.”

So a stair is simply the change in elevation that is created by one or more risers, while a stairway includes both the stairs and the required landing and platforms. Note that the term “staircase” is frequently used when referring to a stairway, but neither code actually uses this term. If you are working on a project that contains an unenclosed stairway (also known as an open stairway), be sure to check out this post on additional requirements.

Minimum Width for IRC Stairways (R311.7)

For projects falling under the IRC, the minimum stair width is 36 inches. The minimum width must be provided at all points above the permitted handrail height and below the required headroom height (meaning walls or other protruding objects cannot decrease this minimum width).

Any provided handrails cannot protrude more than 4.5 inches into the minimum width. So if a handrail is provided on one side, the minimum clear width is 31.5 inches and if a handrail is provided on both sides, the minimum clear width is 27 inches.

Note that the following stairways are not required to meet the minimum width requirements:
  • Stairways not within or serving a building, porch or deck.
  • Stairways leading to nonhabitable attics.
  • Stairways leading to crawl spaces.
  • Spiral stairways, which have separate minimum width requirements in R311.7.10.1
Stair width and handrail requirements from the 2021 IRC.
Stair width and handrail requirements from the 2021 IRC.

Minimum Width for IBC Stairways (1011.2)

For projects falling under the IBC, there are two width requirements that apply: minimum width and required capacity.

Generally, the minimum stair width is 44 inches, unless the stairway serves an occupant load of less than 50, in which case the minimum width is 36 inches. Note that if the stairway is serving as an accessible means of egress, the minimum width between handrails is 48 inches, unless the building is fully sprinkler-protected or the stairway is provided with an area of refuge. Check out this article for more information on the required means of egress vs. accessible means of egress.

Note that the following stairways are not required to meet the minimum width requirements:
  • Spiral stairways, which have separate minimum width requirements in 1011.10
  • Where an incline platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed on stairways serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2, a clear passage width not less than 20 inches is required. Where the seat and platform can be folded when not in use, the distance must be measured from the folded position.

The second width requirement is the required egress capacity of the stairway (IBC 1005.3.1). The required capacity is determined by multiplying the occupant load using the stairway by a capacity factor of 0.3 inches per occupant. In other than Group H and Group I-2 occupancies, this factor is reduced to 0.2 inches per occupant when the building is fully sprinkler-protected and equipped with a voice fire alarm system. There are also reductions available for open-air or smoke-protected assembly seating spaces.

Note that for multi-story buildings, only the occupant load of each individual story is considered when calculating the required capacity for each stair, not the cumulative occupant load using the stair.

Similar to the IRC, the IBC allows handrails to project a maximum of 4.5 inches into the required width. So for a stair with handrails on each side that has a minimum required width of 44 inches, the minimum width between handrails would be 35 inches.

Handrail Height

In both the IRC and IBC, handrails are required to be located a minimum of 34 inches and a maximum of 38 inches above the stair. Specifically, this dimension is measured vertically from the stair tread nosing.

Note that when handrails are transitioning between flights or at the start of a stairway, the fitting and bendings are permitted to exceed the maximum height.
Stair width and handrail requirements from the 2021 IBC.
Stair width and handrail requirements from the 2021 IBC.

Stair Treads and Risers (R311.7.5)

For projects falling under the IRC, the minimum tread depth is 10 inches, plus a required nosing of at least ¾ inch. If a tread of at least 11 inches is provided, there is no required nosing. The maximum permitted nosing is 1.25 inches. In any stairway, the tread depth and nosing depth have a maximum permitted variation of ⅜ inch. Note that under the IRC, the tread depth is measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's leading edge.

The maximum riser height is 7.75 inches, with a similar maximum permitted variation of ⅜ inch in any single stairway. Risers must be vertical or have a maximum slope of 30 degrees from vertical.
Stair dimensional requirements from the 2021 IRC.
Stair dimensional requirements from the 2021 IRC.

Stair Treads and Risers (1011.5.2)

For projects falling under the IBC, the minimum tread depth is 11 inches. There is no requirement to provide a nosing, but the maximum nosing projection is 1.25 inches. Note that under the IBC, the tread depth is measured horizontally between the vertical planes of the foremost projection of adjacent treads and at a right angle to the tread's nosing.

The IBC requires stairs to have a minimum riser height of 4 inches and a maximum height of 7 inches.

Note that the following stairways are not required to meet the minimum riser/tread requirements:
  • Spiral stairways, which have separate dimensional requirements in 1011.10
  • Stairways connecting stepped aisles to cross ailes or concourses, which have separate dimensional requirements in 1030.14.2.
  • Stairways in Group R-2 dwelling units and Group R-3 occupancies, which have separate requirements given in 1011.5.2.
  • Replacement of existing stairs, which is governed under the International Existing Building Code (IEBC)
Stair dimensional requirements from the 2021 IBC.
Stair dimensional requirements from the 2021 IBC.

Headroom Requirements

Both the IRC and IBC have similar requirements for headroom clearance. In both codes, the minimum headroom clearance is 80 inches, measured vertically from a line connected to the edge of each nosing. 

Both codes have exceptions for spiral stairways and where the nosings of treads at the side of a flight extend under the edge of a floor opening through which the stair passes (limited to Group R-2 dwelling units and Group R-3 in the IBC).

Vertical Stairway Rise

Under the IRC, a single flight of stairs can have a maximum vertical rise of 12 feet 7 inches between floor levels or landings (R311.7.3). Under the IBC,the maximum rise is 12 feet (1011.8).

Summary

The requirements for stairways depend on whether your project falls under the IRC or IBC.

For IRC Stairways:
Minimum Width = 36”
Maximum Handrail Projection = 4.5” each side
Minimum Tread Depth = 10”
Minimum Nosing = ¾” or provide 11” tread
Maximum Nosing = 1.25”
Maximum Riser Height = 7.75”
Minimum Headroom = 6’-8”
Maximum Stairway Rise = 12’-7”

For IBC Stairways:
Minimum Width = 44” or 36” for smaller occupant loads. See also required capacity requirements.
Maximum Handrail Projection = 4.5” each side
Minimum Tread Depth = 11”
Minimum Nosing = Not Required
Maximum Nosing = 1.25”
Minimum Riser Height = 4”
Maximum Riser Height = 7”
Minimum Headroom = 6’-8”
Maximum Stairway Rise = 12’

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86 Comments
Aaron link
2/5/2023 02:44:29 pm

Photos and illustrations illustrate handrails not returned to wall as required.

Reply
Chris Campbell
2/5/2023 02:57:00 pm

Hi Aaron,

These images are intended to be a snapshopt of the middle of the stairway...the bottom of the stairs, including the handrail returns, are not shown.

Reply
David Goodman
2/17/2023 10:15:15 am

For IBC if the stairs are only required to be 36", is that the space between the handrails or the width of the tread?


Also, what if the job is only replacing out of code handrails, no other modifications to the stair tower. The current stairs wouldn't meet todays codes, the handrails are very low and have 20+ inch gaps between rails. They just want to install new handrails at the tight height and with a less than 4' opening

Reply
celebrity birthdays link
2/21/2023 03:37:54 pm

good Point

Reply
david wise
5/16/2023 04:58:28 pm

I believe the head height dimension is shown incorrectly on both drawings. It should measure to the top of the riser and not to the bottom of the riser.

Reply
Margo
9/12/2023 08:55:03 am

Nice explanation with clear pictures. What about where one side of the stairway is halfway open is a railing or blocking of the stairway and open space required?

Thank you for the website and discussions.

Reply
Joe Didonato
9/17/2023 02:23:34 pm

2015 IRC Code
Are there any enclosed bulkhead stair requirements ?
1) Minimum Headroom clearances ?
2) Minimum Tread and or nosing requirements ?
3) Maximum riser height ?

I can not find specific exemptions in the 2015 IRC that address these exceptions.

Regards,
Joe DiDonato

Reply
Joe Didonato
11/9/2023 10:56:26 am

With no specific reference in the code to the design of a Bulkhead or Dog House stair to the basement from the exterior, am I too assume that their is no requirements to these stirs?

Reply
Loft Railing link
10/2/2023 11:33:09 pm

Wow, I never thought about this subject in the way you presented it. Your unique take adds a new dimension to the conversation, and I'm excited to delve deeper into this topic now regarding stairway code requirements. Thanks for sharing.

Reply
Dan
11/9/2023 09:55:37 am

For a steel pan stair, is the 44" width between the stringers or the stairway itself?

Reply
Luke
11/22/2023 12:01:18 pm

Minimum width requirements would be the "stairway itself" think of it as the minimum tread width rather than minimum stairway width. If your stringers have a 44" space between the inside faces but you provide treads that are only 40" wide you would be non-compliant with code.

Reply
Margi Prueitt
12/7/2023 10:47:09 pm

Is there any requirement or standard practice for marking the edge of a step in in a contrasting color or material? A stairwell in a building I use frequently has all gray rubber-type steps where the solid color causes the edges of the steps to "disappear". I believe this is a safety issue but the facility seems unconcerned.

Reply
New Boiler Bishop’s Stortford & Bathroom Re-Models link
1/24/2024 09:32:32 am

This breakdown of stairway regulations under the IRC and IBC is valuable. The explanation of minimum widths, handrail specifications, and exceptions provides a clear guide for those working on multi-story building projects.

Reply
John Hastings
2/26/2024 12:44:30 pm

I am so a custom to seeing Architectural drawing details using a 11" run with a 1" nosing that it has become the norm for me.

Just recently I was reviewing with our Estimator a detail of an 11 inch tread without a nosing and I questioned the design.

So today I am working on an industrial stair with an 11" run. So I posed this question to my Boss: Do I increase the tread depth to 12" to cover a nosing when our estimate is based on a quote for 11" tread depth. He asked if was required?

Thank you for the information on the requirement for a nosing.

John

Reply
Matt v link
3/14/2024 11:30:06 pm

Tread depth includes nosing or no nosing on 11” minimum stair tread depth. I wouldn’t go around adding extra inches but you should consult through proper channels architect, building contractor/ possibly owner. Im no specialist in each individual state or if other states may vary much from the IRC on stairs. If it says 11” no nosing I would question to see if it’s correct then if that’s the intentional design be like okay but if you have to redo the work on a new set of stringers after it’s going to cost more in material and labor to redo it.

Reply
Matt V link
3/14/2024 11:20:51 pm

Your pictures are inaccurate but the wording underneath them is clear. The 6’8” requirement is plumb from a line that runs parallel with the tops of the nosing.

Reply
Bob D
4/19/2024 11:41:15 pm

This is really helpful information. Is there anything in the IBC related to tread depth uniformity from step to step? Thanks.

Reply
Dan G
4/29/2024 04:47:02 pm

Where do you find the exceptions to the 36" minimum width in the IRC? I'm not finding those exceptions.

Reply
MOHAMMED OSMAN
6/25/2024 06:47:52 am

If the building is mix use is the"solid riser not applicable"

ref:1011.5.5.3 Solid risers.

Reply
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8/20/2024 09:49:50 am

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8/20/2024 09:51:48 am

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8/28/2024 05:32:58 am

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9/2/2024 01:04:26 pm

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9/5/2024 02:03:08 pm

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9/11/2024 09:17:57 am

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9/11/2024 09:18:47 am

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9/14/2024 12:04:02 am

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9/16/2024 07:58:36 am

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9/20/2024 02:44:04 pm

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9/20/2024 02:46:19 pm

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9/21/2024 04:52:00 am

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9/21/2024 04:52:30 am

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10/2/2024 09:50:29 am

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10/2/2024 09:58:37 am

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Laura Breidenbach
10/3/2024 06:58:25 pm

Hello, What is the tech name of the structure handrail? Code enforcement wrote NOV for an installation of one on a mobilehome, but installation of it blocks access to outdoor heater cabinet door. Code enforcement claims that it is legal to block outside furnace door.
Thanks for your reply

Reply
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10/8/2024 10:34:18 am

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10/11/2024 05:09:26 am

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10/11/2024 05:11:30 am

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ROOFING CRANFIELD link
11/23/2024 11:39:57 am

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11/29/2024 12:23:16 am

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11/30/2024 09:29:32 am

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12/4/2024 10:43:03 am

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12/4/2024 10:58:28 am

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12/4/2024 11:04:21 am

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12/5/2024 09:27:45 am

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12/7/2024 12:31:25 pm

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12/10/2024 08:13:25 am

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12/10/2024 08:13:52 am

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12/10/2024 08:33:44 am

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12/28/2024 09:04:52 am

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1/3/2025 12:26:20 pm

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1/25/2025 06:20:46 am

Thank you for this informative overview on stairway code requirements! It’s crucial to know these specifications when designing or working on stairways to ensure safety and compliance. I appreciate the clear distinction between a "stair" and a "stairway" as well—it's a helpful reminder that a stairway includes more than just the steps. If you happen to need a roof repair, feel free to visit our site!

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1/25/2025 11:02:27 pm

As an "owner/builder" of an "alteration" (I'm adding a structure on the mezzanine of my 17'H metal building), I'm preparing a drawing for the staircase from the ground level to the upper mezzanine. While this information is robust as regards the staircase itself, I do not see any information regarding the vertical supports required to support the staircase. I have 105.5" from the ground to the floor of my mezzanine; keeping within the IRC requirements and my wish to minimize the footprint of the staircase, I have a landing that results in the staircase turning 90 degrees to the left to reach the maximum height. My question is - what are the specifications for vertical supports for both the landing, as well as the ascending staircase? Thanks for any help that you can provide.

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1/30/2025 08:19:59 am

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1/30/2025 09:20:45 am

Thank you for sharing this detailed overview of stairway code requirements! It's really helpful to understand the minimum width, riser/tread dimensions, and other key details for stairway construction. If you're planning a home project or need any adjustments, these guidelines are a great reference. If you happen to need a roof repair, feel free to visit our site for more information and services.

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1/30/2025 09:40:24 am

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1/31/2025 09:12:35 am

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2/21/2025 10:10:19 am

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Roof Repairs Near Me link
2/21/2025 10:30:09 am

This is a really informative breakdown of stair and stairway definitions, along with the key width requirements under IRC and IBC. Many people don’t realize the specific codes that apply, especially when handrails come into play. Thanks for sharing this! And if you ever need a roof repair or maintenance, feel free to check out our site!

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Roof Repair Horley link
3/1/2025 09:35:07 am

Great breakdown of stairway requirements! Understanding the differences between IRC and IBC standards is crucial for ensuring compliance and safety in multi-story buildings. The distinctions between stair width, handrail placement, and accessibility requirements are particularly helpful. Thanks for sharing this! If you ever need a roof repair or upgrade, feel free to visit our site.

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Roofing Companies Near Me
3/19/2025 11:01:01 am

Thanks for the clear explanation of stair and stairway definitions, as well as the IRC width requirements! These details are crucial for ensuring safety and compliance in construction projects. If you ever need roof repairs to go along with your home improvement projects, feel free to visit our site!

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New Roof Emsworth link
3/29/2025 12:19:44 pm

Thanks for the detailed breakdown of stair and stairway definitions! It's always helpful to understand building code requirements before starting a project. If you're planning any home improvements, like roofing or driveways, feel free to check out our site!

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Roofer Contractor Oxted link
3/29/2025 12:20:53 pm

Great explanation of the differences between stairs and stairways! Understanding these building code requirements is essential for any construction project. If you're considering home improvements like roofing or driveways, be sure to visit our site!

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Roof Repair ROTHWELL link
3/30/2025 10:07:51 am

Thank you for sharing this useful information! Stairway codes are crucial for safety and compliance. If you ever need roofing services, feel free to visit our site!

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ROOFER March link
4/4/2025 07:57:39 am

Thank you for breaking down these important stairway code requirements—super helpful info! If you happen to need roofing services, feel free to check out our site!








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Chimney Repairs near me link
4/18/2025 03:37:56 am

Thanks for this useful explanation on stairways and stairs! It’s great to know the specific distinctions between the terms and how they’re defined in both the IRC and IBC. The details about minimum width requirements are particularly helpful when considering design projects. If you need a roof repair or any advice on home improvement projects, feel free to visit our site – we'd be happy to assist you!

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Flat Roof Repairs link
4/18/2025 03:52:37 am

Thank you for sharing these important distinctions between "stair" and "stairway." It’s great to see how clearly you’ve explained the requirements, especially regarding minimum width for stairways under the IRC. Understanding these details is crucial for anyone working on a project that involves elevation changes.

If you happen to need a roof repair, feel free to visit our site for more information on how we can help!

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